Haijie Li, Lu Yin, Ni He, Peng Han, Yueqiang Zhu, Yue Ma, Aidi Liu, Hong Lu, Zhipeng Gao, Peifang Liu, Yaopan Wu, Zhaoxiang Ye, Comparison of comfort between cone beam breast computed tomography and digital mammography, European Journal of Radiology, Volume 120, 2019, 108674, ISSN 0720-048X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.108674.
Eur J Radiol 2024 Jan 8:171:111292. PMID: 38211395
Abstract
Introduction: To compare the diagnostic performance of cone-beam breast computed tomography (CBBCT) and mammography (MG) in primary breast cancer.
O’Connell A, Conover DL, Zhang Y, Seifert P, Logan-Young W, Lin CF, Sahler L, Ning R. Cone-beam CT for breast imaging: Radiation dose, breast coverage, and image quality. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Aug;195(2):496-509. doi: 10.2214/AJR.08.1017. PMID: 20651210.
Abstract
This pilot study compared cone-beam breast CT to mammography regarding radiation dose, breast coverage, and image quality. Results showed similar radiation doses and detection of masses/calcifications between the two methods. Cone-beam breast CT provided better coverage in certain areas but poorer coverage in the axilla. The study concludes that cone-beam breast CT effectively images the entire breast with comparable radiation dose to mammography.
Yafei Wang, Mengran Zhao, Yue Ma, Aidi Liu, Yueqiang Zhu, Lu Yin, Zhiran Liang, Zhiye Qu, Hong Lu, Ying Ma, Zhaoxiang Ye, Accuracy of Preoperative Contrast-enhanced Cone Beam Breast CT in Assessment of Residual Tumor after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: A Comparative Study with Breast MRI, Academic Radiology, 2023
Abstract
Rationale and Objectives
To compare the accuracy of preoperative contrast-enhanced cone beam breast CT (CE-CBBCT) and MRI in assessment of residual tumor after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC).Wienbeck S, Fischer U, Luftner-Nagel S, Lotz J, Uhlig J. Contrast-enhanced cone-beam breast-CT (CBBCT): clinical performance compared to mammography and MRI. Eur Radiol. 2018 Sep;28(9):3731-3741. doi: 10.1007/s00330-018-5376-4. Epub 2018 Mar 28. PMID: 29594402.
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced (CE) cone-beam breast computed tomography (CBBCT) in dense breast tissue and compare it to non-contrast (NC) CBBCT, mammography (MG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
American Journal of Roentgenology. 2017;208: 1154-1162. 10.2214/AJR.16.16760
Abstract
Objective: The feasibility of breast vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) guided by cone-beam CT (CBCT) was assessed. The initial clinical performance of CT-guided breast VAB was compared with that of established prone stereotactic VAB.
Read the full article
Zhu Y, O’Connell AM, Ma Y, Liu A, Li H, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Ye Z. Dedicated breast CT: state of the art-Part II. Clinical application and future outlook. Eur Radiol. 2022 Apr;32(4):2286-2300. doi: 10.1007/s00330-021-08178-0. Epub 2021 Sep 3. Erratum in: Eur Radiol. 2022 Feb 14;: PMID: 34476564.
Abstract
Dedicated breast CT is being increasingly used for breast imaging. This technique provides images with no compression, removal of tissue overlap, rapid acquisition, and available simultaneous assessment of microcalcifications and contrast enhancement. In this second installment in a 2-part review, the current status of clinical applications and ongoing efforts to develop new imaging systems are discussed, with particular emphasis on how to achieve optimized practice including lesion detection and characterization, response to therapy monitoring, density assessment, intervention, and implant evaluation. The potential for future screening with breast CT is also addressed. KEY POINTS:
Uhlig J, Uhlig A, Biggemann L, Fischer U, Lotz J, Wienbeck S. Diagnostic accuracy of cone-beam breast computed tomography: a systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2019 Mar;29(3):1194-1202. doi: 10.1007/s00330-018-5711-9. Epub 2018 Sep 25. PMID: 30255249.
Abstract
Purpose: To review the published evidence on cone-beam breast computed tomography (CBBCT) and summarize its diagnostic accuracy for breast lesion assessment.
Zhu Y, O’Connell AM, Ma Y, Liu A, Li H, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Ye Z. Dedicated breast CT: state of the art-Part I. Historical evolution and technical aspects. Eur Radiol. 2022 Mar;32(3):1579-1589. doi: 10.1007/s00330-021-08179-z. Epub 2021 Aug 3. Erratum in: Eur Radiol. 2022 Jan 7;: PMID: 34342694.
Abstract
Dedicated breast CT is an emerging 3D isotropic imaging technology for breast, which overcomes the limitations of 2D compression mammography and limited angle tomosynthesis while providing some of the advantages of magnetic resonance imaging. This first installment in a 2-part review describes the evolution of dedicated breast CT beginning with a historical perspective and progressing to the present day. Moreover, it provides an overview of state-of-the-art technology. Particular emphasis is placed on technical limitations in scan protocol, radiation dose, breast coverage, patient comfort, and image artifact.
Ma Y, Liu A, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Zhao M, Liang Z, Qu Z, Yin L, Lu H, Ye Z. Comparison of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) on contrast-enhanced cone-beam breast CT (CE-CBBCT) and breast MRI. Eur Radiol. 2022 Aug;32(8):5773-5782. doi: 10.1007/s00330-022-08699-2. Epub 2022 Mar 23. PMID: 35320411.
Abstract
Objectives: To compare the background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) levels on contrast-enhanced cone-beam breast CT (CE-CBBCT) and MRI, evaluate inter-reader reliability, and analyze the relationship between clinical factors and BPE level on CE-CBBCT.
He N, Wu YP, Kong Y, Lv N, Huang ZM, Li S, Wang Y, Geng ZJ, Wu PH, Wei WD. The utility of breast cone-beam computed tomography, ultrasound, and digital mammography for detecting malignant breast tumors: A prospective study with 212 patients. Eur J Radiol. 2016 Feb;85(2):392-403. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.11.029. Epub 2015 Nov 25. PMID: 26781145.
Abstract
Purpose: Breast cone-beam computed tomography (BCBCT) is a flat-panel detector (FPD)-based X-ray imaging system that provides high-quality images of the breast. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability to detect breast abnormalities using non-contrast BCBCT and contrast-enhanced BCBCT (BCBCT and CE-BCBCT) compared to ultrasound (US) and digital mammography (MG).
Haijie Li, Lu Yin, Ni He, Peng Han, Yueqiang Zhu, Yue Ma, Aidi Liu, Hong Lu, Zhipeng Gao, Peifang Liu, Yaopan Wu, Zhaoxiang Ye, Comparison of comfort between cone beam breast computed tomography and digital mammography, European Journal of Radiology, Volume 120, 2019, 108674, ISSN 0720-048X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.108674.
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the comfort levels of cone beam breast computed tomography (CBBCT) and digital mammography.
Zhao B, Zhang X, Cai W, Conover D, Ning R. Cone beam breast CT with multiplanar and three dimensional visualization in differentiating breast masses compared with mammography. Eur J Radiol. 2015 Jan;84(1):48-53. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.05.032. Epub 2014 Jul 15. PMID: 25439008.
Abstract
Objective: This pilot study was to evaluate cone beam breast computed tomography (CBBCT) with multiplanar and three dimensional (3D) visualization in differentiating breast masses in comparison with two-view mammograms.
Vedantham S, Shi L, Glick SJ, Karellas A. Scaling-law for the energy dependence of anatomic power spectrum in dedicated breast CT. Med Phys. 2013 Jan;40(1):011901. doi: 10.1118/1.4769408. PMID: 23298092; PMCID: PMC3532103.
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the x-ray photon energy dependence of the anatomic power spectrum of the breast when imaged with dedicated breast computed tomography (CT).
Liu A, Ma Y, Yin L, Zhu Y, Lu H, Li H, Ye Z. Comparison of malignant calcification identification between breast cone-beam computed tomography and digital mammography. Acta Radiol. 2023 Mar;64(3):962-970. doi: 10.1177/02841851221112562. Epub 2022 Jul 11. PMID: 35815702.
Abstract
Background: Calcifications are important abnormal findings in breast imaging and help in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Purpose: To compare breast cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) with digital mammography (DM) in terms of the ability to identify malignant calcifications.
Tseng HW, Karellas A, Vedantham S. Radiation dosimetry of a clinical prototype dedicated cone-beam breast CT system with offset detector. Med Phys. 2021 Mar;48(3):1079-1088. doi: 10.1002/mp.14688. Epub 2021 Jan 26. PMID: 33501686; PMCID: PMC9007273.
Abstract
Purpose: A clinical-prototype, dedicated, cone-beam breast computed tomography (CBBCT) system with offset detector is undergoing clinical evaluation at our institution. This study is to estimate the normalized glandular dose coefficients ( DgNCTDgNCT ) that provide air kerma-to-mean glandular dose conversion factors using Monte Carlo simulations.
Ma WM, Li J, Chen SG, Cai PQ, Chen S, Chen JT, Zhou CY, He N, Wu Y. Correlation between contrast-enhanced cone-beam breast computed tomography features and prognostic staging in breast cancer. Br J Radiol. 2022 Apr 1;95(1132):20210466. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20210466. Epub 2022 Jan 7. PMID: 34930038; PMCID: PMC9153710.
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate whether contrast-enhanced cone-beam breast CT (CE-CBBCT) features can risk-stratify prognostic stage in breast cancer.
H. Xie et al., “Deep Efficient End-to-End Reconstruction (DEER) Network for Few-View Breast CT Image Reconstruction,” in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 196633-196646, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3033795.
Abstract
Wienbeck, Susanne MDa,∗; Uhlig, Johannes MD, MPHa; Fischer, Uwe MDb; Hellriegel, Martin MDc; von Fintel, Eva MDa; Kulenkampff, Dietrich MDd; Surov, Alexey MDe; Lotz, Joachim MDa; Perske, Christina MDf. Breast lesion size assessment in mastectomy specimens: Correlation of cone-beam breast-CT, digital breast tomosynthesis and full-field digital mammography with histopathology. Medicine 98(37):p e17082, September 2019. | DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017082
Abstract
To compare the accuracy of breast lesion size measurement of cone-beam breast-CT (CBBCT), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and full-field digital mammography (FFDM).
Patients scheduled for mastectomy due to at least 1 malignant breast lesion were included. Mastectomy specimens were examined by CBBCT, DBT, FFDM, and histopathology.
Kang W, Zhong W, Su D. The cone-beam breast computed tomography characteristics of breast non-mass enhancement lesions. Acta Radiol. 2021 Oct;62(10):1298-1308. doi: 10.1177/0284185120963923. Epub 2020 Oct 18. PMID: 33070636.
Abstract
Background: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBBCT) of the breast is emerging as a way of improving breast cancer diagnostic yield.
Purpose: To find characteristics of non-mass enhancement (NME) lesions on breast CBBCT and to identify the characteristics that distinguish malignant and benign lesions.
Chen JT, Zhou CY, He N, Wu YP. Optimal acquisition time to discriminate between breast cancer subtypes with contrast-enhanced cone-beam CT. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2020 Jun;101(6):391-399. doi: 10.1016/j.diii.2020.01.001. Epub 2020 Jan 31. PMID: 32008993.
Abstract
Purpose: To identify the optimal acquisition time to best discriminate between benign and malignant breast lesions on contrast-enhanced cone beam CT (CE-CBCT) and evaluate the potential of CE-CBCT to differentiate between breast cancer subtypes.
Ma, Y., Liu, A., O’Connell, A.M. et al. Contrast-enhanced cone beam breast CT features of breast cancers: correlation with immunohistochemical receptors and molecular subtypes. Eur Radiol 31, 2580–2589 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07277-8
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the association of contrast-enhanced cone beam breast CT (CE-CBBCT) features, immunohistochemical (IHC) receptors, and molecular subtypes in breast cancer.
Zhu, Y., Zhang, Y., Ma, Y. et al. Cone-beam breast CT features associated with HER2/neu overexpression in patients with primary breast cancer. Eur Radiol 30, 2731–2739 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06587-w
Abstract
Objectives: To identify the relationship between human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status and cone-beam breast CT (CBBCT) characteristics in surgically resected breast cancer.
Wenxiang Cong, Hongming Shan, Xiaohua Zhang, Shaohua Liu, Ruola Ning, Ge Wang, “Deep-learning-based breast CT for radiation dose reduction,” Proc. SPIE 11113, Developments in X-Ray Tomography XII, 111131L (10 September 2019)
Abstract
Cone-beam breast computed tomography (CT) provides true 3D breast images with isotropic resolution and highcontrast information, detecting calcifications as small as a few hundred microns and revealing subtle tissue differences. However, breast is highly sensitive to x-ray radiation. It is critically important for healthcare to reduce radiation dose. Few-view cone-beam CT only uses a fraction of x-ray projection data acquired by standard cone-beam breast CT, enabling significant reduction of the radiation dose. However, insufficient sampling data would cause severe streak artifacts in images reconstructed using conventional methods. We propose a deep-learning-based method for the image reconstruction to establish a residual neural network model, which is applied for few-view breast CT to produce high quality breast CT images.
Ma Y, Cao Y, Liu A, Yin L, Han P, Li H, Zhang X, Ye Z. A Reliability Comparison of Cone-Beam Breast Computed Tomography and Mammography: Breast Density Assessment Referring to the Fifth Edition of the BI-RADS Atlas. Acad Radiol. 2019 Jun;26(6):752-759. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2018.07.023. Epub 2018 Sep 14. PMID: 30220584.
Abstract
Rationale and objectives: To evaluate the reliability of cone-beam breast computed tomography (CBBCT) in visual assessment of breast density referring to the fifth edition of the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System compared to digital mammography.
American Journal of Roentgenology. 2018;211: W123-W131. 10.2214/AJR.17.19298
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of machine learning techniques for malignancy prediction at breast cone-beam CT (CBCT) and to compare them to human readers.
Uhlig J, Fischer U, Biggemann L, Lotz J, Wienbeck S. Pre- and post-contrast versus post-contrast cone-beam breast CT: can we reduce radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic accuracy? Eur Radiol. 2019 Jun;29(6):3141-3148. doi: 10.1007/s00330-018-5854-8. Epub 2018 Nov 28. PMID: 30488110.
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate whether post-contrast cone-beam breast CT (CBBCT) alone is comparable to the current standard of combined pre- and post-contrast CBBCT regarding diagnostic accuracy and superior regarding radiation exposure.
Johannes Uhlig, Uwe Fischer, Eva von Fintel, Vera Stahnke, Christina Perske, Joachim Lotz, Susanne Wienbeck, Contrast Enhancement on Cone-Beam Breast-CT for Discrimination of Breast Cancer Immunohistochemical Subtypes, Translational Oncology, Volume 10, Issue 6, 2017, Pages 904-910, ISSN 1936-5233,
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate whether contrast enhancement on cone-beam breast-CT (CBBCT) could aid in discrimination of breast cancer subtypes and receptor status. METHODS: This study included female patients age >40 years with malignant breast lesions identified on contrast-enhanced CBBCT. Contrast enhancement of malignant breast lesions was standardized to breast fat tissue contrast enhancement. All breast lesions were approved via image-guided biopsy or surgery. Immunohistochemical staining was conducted for expression of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) and Ki-67 index.
Johannes Uhlig, Uwe Fischer, Eva von Fintel, Vera Stahnke, Christina Perske, Joachim Lotz, Susanne Wienbeck, Contrast Enhancement on Cone-Beam Breast-CT for Discrimination of Breast Cancer Immunohistochemical Subtypes, Translational Oncology, Volume 10, Issue 6, 2017, Pages 904-910, ISSN 1936-5233,
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate whether contrast enhancement on cone-beam breast-CT (CBBCT) could aid in discrimination of breast cancer subtypes and receptor status. METHODS: This study included female patients age >40 years with malignant breast lesions identified on contrast-enhanced CBBCT. Contrast enhancement of malignant breast lesions was standardized to breast fat tissue contrast enhancement. All breast lesions were approved via image-guided biopsy or surgery. Immunohistochemical staining was conducted for expression of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) and Ki-67 index.
Uhlig J, Fischer U, Surov A, Lotz J, Wienbeck S. Contrast-enhanced cone-beam breast-CT: Analysis of optimal acquisition time for discrimination of breast lesion malignancy. Eur J Radiol. 2018 Feb;99:9-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.12.003. Epub 2017 Dec 6. PMID: 29362157.
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the optimal acquisition time of contrast-enhanced cone-beam breast-CT (CBBCT) for best discrimination of breast lesion malignancy and whether contrast enhancement can aid in classification of tumor histology.
Avice M. O’Connell, Andrew Karellas, Srinivasan Vedantham, Daniel T. Kawakyu-O’Connor, Newer Technologies in Breast Cancer Imaging: Dedicated Cone-Beam Breast Computed Tomography,Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI, Volume 39, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 106-113, ISSN 0887-2171, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sult.2017.09.001.
Abstract
Dedicated breast computed tomography (CT) is the latest in a long history of breast imaging techniques dating back to the 1960s. Breast imaging is performed both for cancer screening as well as for diagnostic evaluation of symptomatic patients. Dedicated breast CT received US Food and Drug Administration approval for diagnostic use in 2015 and is slowly gaining recognition for its value in diagnostic 3-dimensional imaging of the breast, and also for injected contrast-enhanced imaging applications.
Avice M. O’Connell, Andrew Karellas, Srinivasan Vedantham, Daniel T. Kawakyu-O’Connor, Newer Technologies in Breast Cancer Imaging: Dedicated Cone-Beam Breast Computed Tomography,Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI, Volume 39, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 106-113, ISSN 0887-2171, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sult.2017.09.001.
Abstract
Dedicated breast computed tomography (CT) is the latest in a long history of breast imaging techniques dating back to the 1960s. Breast imaging is performed both for cancer screening as well as for diagnostic evaluation of symptomatic patients. Dedicated breast CT received US Food and Drug Administration approval for diagnostic use in 2015 and is slowly gaining recognition for its value in diagnostic 3-dimensional imaging of the breast, and also for injected contrast-enhanced imaging applications.
Seifert PJ, Morgan RC, Conover DL, Arieno AL. Initial Experience with a Cone-beam Breast Computed Tomography-guided Biopsy System. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2017 Jan 27;7:1. doi: 10.4103/2156-7514.199055. PMID: 28217404; PMCID: PMC5288961.
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate our initial experience with a cone-beam breast computed tomography (BCT)-guided breast biopsy system for lesion retrieval in phantom studies for use with a cone-beam BCT imaging system.
Wienbeck S, Lotz J, Fischer U. Review of clinical studies and first clinical experiences with a commercially available cone-beam breast CT in Europe. Clin Imaging. 2017 Mar-Apr;42:50-59. doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2016.11.011. Epub 2016 Nov 17. PMID: 27875762.
Abstract
The dedicated cone-beam breast computed tomography (CBBCT) is a new and promising imaging modality which provides isotropic, 3D images of the breast with high spatial and contrast resolution. Non-contrast and contrast-enhanced CBBCT (CE-CBBCT) was superior to mammography for the visualization of breast masses, especially in patients with dense breast tissue. CE-CBBCT accurately detects DCIS and distinguishes it from benign causes of microcalcifications when compared with non-contrast CBBCT and mammography. The purpose of this report is to describe the technology and its possible indications, and to present the first results from recent clinical studies, illustrating these with our own image examples.
Elodia B. Cole, MS, Charleston, SC (Presenter) Consultant, FUJIFILM Holdings Corporation; Consultant, Koninklijke Philips NV; Consultant, Alan Penn & Associates, Inc Amy S. Campbell, MD, Washington, DC (Abstract Co-Author) Nothing to Disclose Srinivasan Vedantham, PhD, Worcester, MA (Abstract Co-Author) Research Grant, Koning Corporation Etta D. Pisano, MD, Charleston, SC (Abstract Co-Author) Founder, NextRay, Inc CEO, NextRay, Inc Research Grant, Koning Corporation Research Grant, Koninklijke Philips NV Research Grant, Zumatek, Inc Research Grant, FUJIFILM Holdings Corporation Equipment support, Siemens AG Research Grant, Siemens AG Equipment support, Koninklijke Philips NV Research Grant, Koninklijke Philips NV Andrew Karellas, PhD, Worcester, MA (Abstract Co-Author) Research collaboration, Koning Corporation
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the clinical performance of a three-dimensional dedicated breast computed tomography system requiring no breast compression alone (dBCT), dBCT as adjunct to two-dimensional standard view screening mammography (SM), and two-dimensional diagnostic mammography (DxM).
O’Connell, A.M., Karellas, A. and Vedantham, S. (2014), The Potential Role of Dedicated 3D Breast CT as a Diagnostic Tool: Review and Early Clinical Examples. Breast J, 20: 592-605. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbj.12327
Abstract
Mammography is the gold standard in routine screening for the detection of breast cancer in the general population. However, limitations in sensitivity, particularly in dense breasts, has motivated the development of alternative imaging techniques such as digital breast tomosynthesis, whole breast ultrasound, breast-specific gamma imaging, and more recently dedicated breast computed tomography or “breast CT”. Virtually all diagnostic work-ups of asymptomatic nonpalpable findings arise from screening mammography. In most cases, diagnostic mammography and ultrasound are sufficient for diagnosis, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) playing an occasional role.
Seifert P, Conover D, Zhang Y, Morgan R, Arieno A, Destounis S, Somerville P, Murphy PF. Evaluation of malignant breast lesions in the diagnostic setting with cone beam breast computed tomography (Breast CT): feasibility study. Breast J. 2014 Jul-Aug;20(4):364-74. doi: 10.1111/tbj.12285. Epub 2014 Jun 17. PMID: 24934253.
Abstract
To investigate the feasibility of noncontrast and contrast-enhanced cone beam breast Computed Tomography (CT) in demonstrating malignant breast lesions in the diagnostic setting. This Institutional Review Board approved, Health Information Portability and Accountability Act compliant, prospective study enrolled BI-RADS four and five patients from 2008 to 2010. Eighty-seven subjects had noncontrast breast CT, 42 had contrast-enhanced breast CT (CE-breast CT) with 70 pathologically confirmed cancer diagnoses. All 70 comprise the study cohort for noncontrast breast CT, and 23 who had CE-breast CT comprise the cohort for CE-breast CT. All had diagnostic work-up.
Vedantham S, O’Connell AM, Shi L, Karellas A, Huston AJ, Skinner KA. Dedicated Breast CT: Feasibility for Monitoring Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Treatment. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2014 Nov 29;4:64. doi: 10.4103/2156-7514.145867. PMID: 25558431; PMCID: PMC4278089.
Abstract
Objectives: In this prospective pilot study, the feasibility of non-contrast dedicated breast computed tomography (bCT) to determine primary tumor volume and monitor its changes during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) treatment was investigated.